Ch 8: The Expositions in San Francisco and San Diego: Toward the World of Tomorrow"

Summary:
Both San Francisco;s Panama Pacific international Exposition of 1915 and San Diego's Panama-California Exposition of 1915-16 were directly influenced by the construction of Panama Canal in 1914. Both of the fairs were constructed by the well-known sculptures and architectures. The individuals who financed and directed Panama-Pacific international exposition and Panama-California Exposition became pinnacle of wealth and power in their communities and in the state as a whole. As San Diego announced its intention to hold a world's fair lots of states competed for the exposition. Since San Francisco had more financial resources and larger population, San Diego decided to support San Fancisco's exposition while they get limited exposition that focused on Latin America and American southwest once San Francisco receives the federal recognition. In San Diego, the most influential display at the fair was physical anthropology display in the Science and Education Building that classified story of man's progress toward perfection. The director of the display Hrdlicka, classified mankind into racial categories and created idea of racial perfection in the future. The fair's scientific estimation succeed as the Stanford Revision and Extension introduced the IQ test. These displays afforded fairgoers a scientific explanation for evolutionary racial progress and these ideology went wrong way for mass support for immigration restriction laws of the 1920s. The nonwhites filled the Joy zone with its ethnological villages and shows. By making good impression of Japanese and Chinese with the shows,the fair directors worked to develop relationship between Asian countries and to expand economical affairs in the future. The Joy Zone is best known for its development of motion picture studio. The creation of film indicated new cultural form for nation's ruling classes and left a cultural legacy. Even after the Panama-California Exposition ended, the buildings left permanently as Balboa Park which created permanent utopian cultural values among americans.

Key terms:

• Panama Canal:The Panama Canal is a 77.1-kilometer ship canal in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. The canal cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and is a key conduit for international maritime trade.
• Deep South:It was previously called the "lower South." It is where cotton was most dominant. It was also called the "Cotton Kingdom." Thousands of white people came hoping to become wealthy via cotton planting.
• Free Speech Movement:The Free Speech Movement (FSM) at the University of California at Berkeley during the Fall 1964 semester was the first of the 1960s campus student movements to make headlines all over the world. Lasting a little over two months, it ended with the arrest of 773 persons for occupying the administration building, the removal of the campus administration, and a vast enlargement of student rights to use the University campus for political activity and debate.
• protoplasm: the colorless material comprising the living part of a cell, including the cytoplasm, nucleus, and other organelles.
• eugenic:It is a social philosophy advocating the improvement of human genetic traits through the promotion of higher reproduction of people with desired traits (positive eugenics), and reduced reproduction of people with less-desired or undesired traits (negative eugenics).
• Binet-Simon Test: A movement that promised the ultimate grading or selecting of pupils according to their capacity to receive education.
• Race Better Movement: The exhibit in the Palace of Education established Race Betterment Foundation that represented eugenics movement to advertise human race at its best, and to get race interested in the past and future.
• pseudoscience: a collection of beliefs or practices mistakenly regarded as being based on scientific method.

Images:



Citations
Rydell, Robert W. "The Expositions in San Francisco and San Diego: Toward the World of Tomorrow." In All the World's a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876-1916, P.208-233. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.

"San Diego Historian Chronicles Balboa Park 1915 Exposition In New Book." KPBS Public Media. January 22, 2014. Accessed March 13, 2015. http://www.kpbs.org/news/2014/jan/22/new-book-chronicles-balboa-park-1915-exposition/.

"Panama-Pacific International Exposition, 1915." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Accessed March 13, 2015. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/97197/Court-of-Abundance-at-the-Panama-Pacific-International-Exposition-San.

Thompson, Laurie. "The Amusement Zone at San Francisco's 1915 World's Fair." Anne T. Kent California Room -. February 24, 2015. Accessed March 13, 2015. https://annetkent.kontribune.com/articles/5750.

Questions:

How did the location of the fair gets chosen?

How did the government accepted San Francis as a major world's fair place not San Diego?

Ch 7: The Expositions in Portland and Seattle: "To Celebrate the Past and the Exploit the Future"

Summary:
The Lewis and Clark Centennial and American Pacific Exposition and Oriental Fair of 1905 and Seattle's Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition directly followed the success of Louisiana Purchase Exposition which served to appreciate the work of Lewis and Clark's western expansion. The Lewis and Clark and A-Y-P exposition both derived over economic hardship such as depression of 1890s and Panic of 1907. Building Lewis and Clark expositions, there was conflict between labor union who wanted closed shop and all works to be given to union men and state legislation that implemented open shop policy. And also the farmers demanded for referendum amendment to the state constitution upsetting by the failure of the state legislature to pass legislation taxing the state corporations. With those conflicts, lots of workers moved to Portland looking for jobs. But as they realized there was not enough work, they created strike and forced directors to make some concessions to the worker's demands for eight-hour working day. As a result Seattle made national Labor Day holiday to attract labors to the fair. Along with other world's fair both exposition created reservations for Filipinos and also they created Alaskan Building to show that Alaska is no longer place for Eskimos and to show how much it contributes to the economic growth of America's commercial empire. While exhibiting America's Pacific colonies at both fairs, they also illuminated market possibilities of Asian countries, especially Japan and China. The Portland exposition built its economic wealth and the fair site became hub of industrial activity. On the other hand, Seattle's fair buildings became part of the University of Washington campus.

Key terms:

• referendum:a law passed by the legislature can be reference to the people for approval/veto
• Lewis and Clark: Journeyed to the western land, ordered by president Jefferson. The information that Lewis and Clark gathered was of great help in the settlement of the West.
• embezzlement:theft or misappropriation of funds placed in one's trust or belonging to one's employer.
• Root-Takihara Agreement of 1908- Japanese government had agreed to curtail the emigration of Japanese workers and maintain the open policy in China.

Images:


Citations:
Rydell, Robert W. "The Expositions in Portland and Seattle: "To Celebrate the Past and to Exploit the Future"" In All the World's a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876-1916, P.184-207. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.

Reed, Henry E. "Lewis and Clark Exposition, 1905." Lewis and Clark Exposition, 1905. Accessed March 13, 2015. http://www.usgennet.org/alhnorus/ahorclak/exposition.html.

Abbott, Carl. "Lewis and Clark Exposition." Oregon Encyclopedia. January 1, 2004. Accessed March 13, 2015. http://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/lewis_clark_exposition/#.VQKRmnysVyI.

"The 1909 Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition." - CityArchives. Accessed March 13, 2015. http://www.seattle.gov/cityarchives/exhibits-and-education/digital-document-libraries/the-1909-alaska-yukon-pacific-exposition.

Questions:
How does Portland's exposition different from the Seattle's when comparing their designs and major purpose?

Ch 6 : The Louisiana Purchase Exposition, Saint Louis, 1904: "The Cornation of Ciivilization"

Summary:
The 1904 Saint Louis Exposition was set up to remember and celebrate the Louisiana Purchase and to promote future oversea economical expansion. Saint Louis Exposition was regarded as the most largest fair out of all the national exposition, and it featured most extensive Anthropology Department of any world's fair. The head of the department. W J McGee emphasized the scientific classification and argued that it if right role for Anglo-Saxons to subjugate lower nature and define them. McGee brought natives from various countries and charged them to different part of the fair, and some natives lost their lives on the way to United States from diseases and bad environments. Despite the inferiority of the natives, the Anthropology Department was successful for its educational value and attracted many fair-goers. Out of all other native displays, Philippine Reservation was the most successful of the fair. The fair directors hoped that the Filipino's participation in the fair would improve their condition. By illustrating tribal and cultural details, the reservation reflected Filipinos as a racially inferior and and incapable of self-determination in the future. The exposition's amusement section, included lots of animal shows and ethnological villages, served to emphasize the difference of 'aristocracy' and inferior races. The success of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition replanted the idea of imperialism to Americans and attracted many average Americans.

Key terms:

• Louisiana Purchase: U.S. acquisition of the Louisiana territory from France in 1803 for $15 million. The purchase secured American control of the Mississippi river and doubled the size of the nation.
• DarkAges: The period in Europe from the fall of Rome in the fifth century ad to the restoration of relative political stability around the year 1000; the early part of the Middle Ages.
• Negrito: several ethnic groups who inhabit isolated parts of Southeast Asia that became a crucial role in Philippine Reservation in Saint Louis Exposition.
• Pike: Part of the Louisiana Purchase exposition where the visitor could enjoy amusements, variety of shows and ethnological villages.

Images:


Citations:
Rydell, Robert W. "The Louisiana Purchase Exposition, Saint Louis, 1904: "The Coronation of Civilization"" In All the World's a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876-1916, P.154-183. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.

"All the World’s A Fair." Explore St. Louis. Accessed March 13, 2015. http://explorestlouis.com/visit-explore/discover/itineraries/first/.

Elinson, Elaine. "Igorots Arrive in San Francisco in 1905." - FoundSF. Accessed March 13, 2015. http://foundsf.org/index.php?title=Igorots_Arrive_in_San_Francisco.

"Negritos Share Skills And Customs." Celebrating the Louisiana Purchase (1904 World's Fair) --. Accessed March 13, 2015. http://exhibits.slpl.org/lpe/data/LPE240023364.asp?thread=240029456.

Questions:
How did average American thought about the Louisiana Purchase?

Did Filipinos in the exposition got paid for their work?

Ch 5: The Pan-American Expostion, Buffalo: "Pax 1901"

Summary:
The Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo on 1901, well-known for its color scheme and evolutionary ideas about race and progress, emphasized access to new markets and resources in Latin America. Choosing rainbow colors throughout its buildings and displays the exposition linked to the image of American progress as the color changes through red to purple and reflected the unity of the Americans. As United States acquired new territories in Philippine Islands, Hawaii and Puerto Rico, the exposition focused on displays on these newly acquired lands to show the intentions of the new territories and to introduce their importance to the people. The most well organized out of them was Filipino Village, consisted status of native cultures and modeled the actual village in Philippines. The organizers of the fair brought people from Philippines for various shows and displays, and later these people contributed to spread the superiority of Americans and advancement in their homeland. As well as the Filipinos, the exposition also selected Africans and Latin Americans into villages. The display focused on daily customs and emphasized inferiority of the Mexican. The ethnological villages on the Pan exposition created variety of human types and cultures and attracted many Americans. But the people from various counties suffered from various disease. The assassination of President McKinley on 5 September, President's day, increased the visitors in the fair, as the memorization and sympathy. The success of the Pan-American Exposition inspired the Saint Louis exposition and created evolutionary idea of shared cultural faith in American progress.

Key Terms;

• Spanish-American War:War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.
• Spanish Renaissance: A style of art that developed around 15th century first originated from Florence then spread to Spain that influenced the design of the Pan-American Exposition.
• Luther Stieringer: A electrical engineer who designed the lighting effects for Trans-Mississippi Exposition. He also created electrical illumination for Pan-American fair.
• Frank F. Hilder: A translator in the Bureau of American Ethnology, who traveled to the Philippines to gather material for United States government exhibit at Pan-American Exposition.
• Leon Czolgosz: A son of Polish immigrants, who assassinated president McKinley. His shooting triggered arrests of many anarchists and socialists across the nation.

Images:


Citations:
Rydell, Robert W. "The Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo: "Pax 1901"" In All the World's a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876-1916. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.

"Lighting at the Pan-American Exposition." DrBulb. November 4, 2014. Accessed March 13, 2015. http://drbulb.com/lighting-pan-american-exposition.

"7 Strange & Amazing Facts Concerning President McKinley's Assassination." Stuff Nobody Cares About. April 24, 2013. Accessed March 13, 2015. http://stuffnobodycaresabout.com/2013/04/24/things-you-did-not-know-about-the-president-mckinley-assassination/.

"History of Filipino Americans." Wikipedia. Accessed March 13, 2015. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans.

Questions:
Was Pan Exposition direct cause of the McKinley's assassination?

Did United States participated in other countries' exposition as they forced Filipinos to take part of the exposition?

Ch 4: The Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition, Omaha, 1898: "Concomitant to Empire"

Summary:
The trans-Mississippi exposition in Omaha is well-known for its unique architectural design and its electrical decorations. The exposition served as explanation of past and future nation and international expansion as the natural outcome of America's westward expansion and Anglo-Saxon racial development. The idea was originated from the demand of western states to overcome depression of 1893 with industrializing development just like Chicago did with its international fair. The most successful part of the Omaha fair was the Native American exhibition part. The exposition managers created a show called shame battle that reflected savagery of Indians and fighting skills which attracted many white fair-goers. The success of the Indian displays meant hardships to some Native Americans. Some died from the diseases, and some decided to take suicide, ridiculed by the show. By showing inferiority of the past and their savagery the fair tried to emphasize the progressive future and its advancement. Along with the Indian', lots of Chinese, Japanese, and Eastern people also participated in the fair. These people contributed to create imperial theme of the international exposition and created racial hierarchy. Omaha exposition received great success with President McKinley's support and by creating Children's Day to encourage number of children to attend its fair. 

Key terms:

• Concomitant:a phenomenon that naturally accompanies or follows something.
• Improved Order of Red Man:it origins back to 1765 and is descended from the Sons of Liberty. These patriots concealed their identities and worked "underground" to help establish freedom and liberty in the early Colonies. 
• Bureau of Indian Affair:responsible for administering the United State’s overall relationship with more than 500 tribes and Alaskan communities

Images:

Citations:
Rydell, Robert W. "The Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition, Omaha, 1898: " Concomitant to Empire"" In All the World's a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876-1916, P.105-125. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.

"Sham Battle - Indian Congress- No. 837 "1898"" EHumanity Cultural Item:. Accessed March 13, 2015. http://e-humanity.org/artifact.php?artifact_id=36718.

"Trans Mississippi & International Exposition." About the Trans Mississippi & International Exposition. January 1, 2014. Accessed March 13, 2015. http://www.omahapubliclibrary.org/transmiss/about/about.html.

Questions:
How did Native Indians felt about the participation in the exposition? Was it good opportunity to them or did they saw it as a threat?

Ch 3: The New Orleans, Atlanta, and Nashville Expositions: New Markets, "New Negroes", and a New South

Summary:
International exposition between 1885 and 1901, such as New Orleans World's Industrial Exposition, South Carolina Interstate and West Indian Exposition, and Jamestown Tercentenary Exposition, reflected spirit of New South and its demand to show its ability to progress on its own. These states tried to bring harmony between African Americans and white by offering more opportunities and places for blacks in the fairs. But many blacks rejected the idea of Negro department, due to its limited possibilities for social change in the South and demanded for more political, economic, and social justice. While organizing exhibit for the blacks, it brought resistance from white around the nation and the blacks stayed segregated. The fairs also worked to expand commercial ties with oversee countries as well as developing their natural sources. Out of them, the states emphasized the relationship with Latin America by affording place for exhibit that reflected economic possibility of Latin America. Atlanta's Midway Heights and Nashville's Vanity Fair was directly influenced by Chicago's Midway Plaisance. Its various cultural displays such as Indian Village and Chinese Village attracted many visitors and showed the development of different races by using scientific explanation for white superiority and racial hierarchy. The success of this southern expositions created opportunities to the Southern states to re-develop from the economic inferior to the North and created economic expansion internationally.
Key terms:

• New south: Southern parts of the United States such as New Orleans and South Carolina where farmers from the old south moved for new opportunities and new place for cotton farming after failure of tobacco farming.
• Booker T. Washington: A former slave. Encouraged blacks to keep to themselves and focus on the daily tasks of survival, rather than leading a grand uprising. Believed that building a strong economic base was more critical at that time than planning an uprising or fighting for equal rights. He demanded that passenger cars heading to New Orleans exposition for blacks to be equal with those provided for whites.
• Jim Crow law: Laws written to separate blacks and whites in public ares/ meant African Americans had unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government.

Images:

Citations:
Rydell, Robert W. "The New Orleans, Atlanta, and Nashville Expositions: New Markets, "New Negroes," and a New South." In All the World's a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876-1916, P. 71-104. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.

Burke quoted in "The World's Industrial and Cotton Centennial Expositions," Parson's Memorial and Historical Society; and Booker T. Washington to the editor of the Montgomery Advertiser, 24 April 1885, in BTW Papers, 2:273.

"1897 Tennessee Centennial Exposition." Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County-The Parthenon. Accessed March 13, 2015. http://mbreiding.us/ert/Tennessee/nashville/Nville_Fri_21st_Jan/parth/www.nashville.gov/parthenon/Centennial/Photo-Cent12.htm.

Newman, Harvey K. "Cotton Expositions in Atlanta." New Georgia Encyclopedia. September 27, 2004. Accessed March 13, 2015. http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/cotton-expositions-atlanta.

Questions:
How did the South tried to overcome the aftermath of the Reconstruction?

How did Cotton could stay as a major economic production in the South throughout the history?

Ch 2: The Chicago World's Columbian Exposition of 1893: "And Was Jerusalem Builded Here?"

Summery:
After the Haymarket Square violence in Chicago, the idea of the fair created vision of utopia to the Americans. The Chicago world's fair has been recognized for its urban planning, architecture, and institutions of the arts and sciences, and its evolutionary idea about race.
 The enormous success of Centennial Exposition created many cities to demand to bring next fair to their city. Chicago could organize an effective corporation and gathered huge exposition stock again the competition with New York. The director of the Chicago fair, Brown Goode, inspired by Centennial exposition, focused on progress of American through time and emphasized science aspects of the history,
 The Chicago world-fair was built upon racist assumptions. Japanese were invited to build their own part of architecture and displays at the fair, while the China was refused to set up official exhibit at the fair due to the Exclusion Act of 1882. Different attitude towards two Asian countries were result of Japan's economic relation between US and its potential to assimilate American culture. Thus, Japanese culture gained more respect and fame than Chinese culture among Americans.Blacks were tend to be segregated at the fair. Throughout the efforts with protest, blacks were encouraged to participate in state fairs, but the exhibits had to be approved by the all-white committees, which limited the number of black exhibits. The exposition also focused on ethnological displays and tried to show the progress of Native Indians by their distinct culture and customs. Thus, the fair formed a human progress along racial lines.
 The Midway Plaisance, a land connecting Jackson Park and Washington Park took a crucial role in the Chicago fair. The Midway was the center of the ethnic villages and place for the cultural ceremonies and diffusion that attracted many fairgoers. The emergence of various groups and increasing of Americans' interest on different cultures created cultural unity.
 The Chicago fair reflected national and international realization of utopia and created evolutionary cultural identity of the nation. It made huge influence in future expositions and inspired many public educational institutions.

Key terms:

•  Chinese Exclusion Act 1882- First significant law that restricted Chinese laborers to the United States.
•  City Beautiful Movement- The City Beautiful movement emerged in response to the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. The fundamental idea expounded at the fair was that the city was no longer a symbol of economic development and industrialization, but could now be seen as enhancing the aesthetic environment of its many inhabitants. Many American cities embarked on public building and art projects in order to beautify their cities.

Images:

Citations:
"Home." Our Documents -. Accessed March 6, 2015. http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=47.

University, Columbia. "City Beautiful Movement." City Beautiful Movement. Accessed March 6, 2015. http://www.nypap.org/content/city-beautiful-movement.

Rydell, Robert W. "The Chicago World's Columbian Exposition of 1893: " And Was Jerusalem Builded Here?"" In All the World's a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876-1916, 38-71. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.
Baxley, George C. "The Ho-o-den, Phoenix Hall, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893, Jackson Park, Chicago." The Ho-o-den, Phoenix Hall, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893, Jackson Park, Chicago. Accessed March 13, 2015. http://www.baxleystamps.com/litho/ogawa/ogawa_hooden.shtml.

Bancroft, Hubert Howe. "Bird's Eye View World's Columbian Exposition." In The Book of the Fair: An Historical and Descriptive Presentation of the World's Science, Art, and Industry, as Viewed Through the Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893, P. 71. Vol. 1. Chicago: Bancroft, 1893.
Questions:
Why did American had distinct racial prejudices toward the Chinese, but not Japanese?

What is the ideal city expressed in the Columbian Exposition

Introduction

Summaries:
 International expositions held between 1876 and 1916 were promoted to develop economies of different cities and regions and to provide manufacturing and commercial interests that would led to mass consumption of their products. As increasing industrialization and repeating industrial depressions created tensions between social classes, United States promoted fairs that alleviated anxiety of  people and kept their white supremacy. Distinguishing themselves as scientifically, artistically, politically advanced, the international expositions offered Americans racial and cultural prejudices and built public support for specific foreign and domestic polices. The American fairs therefore evoked shared community of shared experiences and their faith. Throughout the various international fairs, United States expanded its imperialism and developments across the world.
Key terms:
Smithsonian institution:a group of museums and research centers administered by the United States government that established in 1846 "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge,".
London's Crystal Palace Exhibition of 1851:The Great Exhibition of 1851 was held in London inside an enormous structure of iron and glass known as the Crystal Palace. Its success became inspiration for the world's fairs.
Images:


Citations:
"Industrialization in North America." NogalesAPWorldHistory -. Accessed March 13, 2015. http://nogalesapworldhistory.wikispaces.com/Industrialization in North America.
Taylor, Charles J. "They Can't Hold Up This Train." January 11, 1893. Accessed March 13, 2015. http://sophia.smith.edu/~maldrich/topics/metaphor/1893puckoct11.htm.
Questions:
How could the World;s fair in United States could be organized successfully despite the fact the nation was suffering from the serious economic depression?

Ch1. The Centennial Exhibition, Philadelphia, 1876: The exposition as a " Moral Influence"

Summary:
The Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia opened on 10 May 1876, and almost one-fifth of the Unites States' population went to the fail before its conclusion. The main purpose of the fair was to make doubtful economic situation better after the Reconstruction era, and to restore confidence in America's government as well as its social structure. The fair had five main exhibition buildings, many restaurants, Bible Pavilion, Centennial Nation Bank etc. The opening ceremony of the fair emphasized the national unity and it was attraction to the lots of immigrants despite of American's hostility toward them. Lots of the exhibits in the fair, mostly new inventions such as telephones and air brake reflected America's hierarchical material growth and development. The central theme of the fair was idea of progress and the displays were organized according to the race, which shows their idea of white superiority.
To illustrate strong contrast between America's past and progress, the fair organizer created ethnological displays in the Indian Bureau of the Interior Department. The main purpose of the Indian exhibits was to illustrate dark and inferior society of Indians in the beginning of the US. Despite its accuracy, the visitors learned lessons from the living representatives and Indians tended to increase their participation in the fair.
Contrary to the Native Indians' participation in the fair, many blacks were isolated and unwelcomed. The fair did not have any exhibit about black history, and they were only be able to work as low wage workers such as waiters and janitors. American blacks were represented as "The South", not as full human beings in their own right. Many whites describes them as happy and free, despite their reality of sharecropping and lynching.
The beauty and uniqueness Asian exhibits from Japan and China were encountered with racial prejudices of whites during that time period. While benefiting from the Asian displays, the American still pressed racial violence toward them, Also American only emphasized the nature resources of the African culture and represented their culture as inferior and desolated.
The Centennial fair closed with huge success creating significant machine life in America and confirming US's ability to develop and to look for better future. The success of the fair distributed to increase of immigrants and growth of population in Philadelphia, and also it created the inspiration for national fairs and amusement park later in the history.

Key terms:
Quaker: A religious sect who rejected predestination. William Penn got Pennsylvania from Charles II and let the Quakers live there. 
Anglo-Saxon;Germanic inhabitant of England between the 5th century and the Norman Conquest.
herrenvolk democracy: A governmental system in which the majority ethnic group  has a say in the government, and has the right to partake in voting, while the minority races are disenfranchised. It influenced how Chinese were treated at the Centennial Exhibition.
Cape of Good Hope: The southern tip of Africa, it was once believed to be the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Lots of Africans came from here to be part of the fair.
Images:


Citations:
Rydell, Robert W. "The Centennial Exhibition, Philadelphia, 1876: The Exposition as a "Moral Influence"" In All the World's a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876-1916, 9-37. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.
 "Progress Made Visible: American World's Fairs and Expositions." Progress Made Visible: American World's Fairs and Expositions. December 21, 2010. Accessed March 12, 2015.
Northrup, 62-64; and, George Fredrickson, The Black Image in the White Mind (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1971), 61.
"Herrenvolk Democracy." Wikipedia. March 11, 2015. Accessed March 13, 2015. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herrenvolk_democracy.
"ExpoMuseum / 1876 Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia." ExpoMuseum / 1876 Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia. Accessed March 13, 2015. http://www.expomuseum.com/1876/.
Questions: 
What was the major factor that contributed to the opening of the first exposition?

How did the Centennial Exhibition influenced the future world fairs?

Conclusion

Summary:
Series of international expositions between 1876 and 1916, the expositions were upper-class creations controlled locally and nationally prominent elites. The construction centered on the interpretation of Darwinian theories about racial development and utopian dreams about America's material and national progress. The idea of social reality were succeed by reputable anthropologists and well-financed showman. Also the midway of the fairs made elites to turn toward popular culture and it reflected their efforts to establish cultural hegemony. The most important features of these fairs were emphasis on white supremacy as a utopian agency, and muted class division among whites that provided shared national purpose. The influence of America's international exposition afterall permeated the nation's arts, political system, and economic structure along with its original purpose of reflecting American culture.

Key terms:

• Social Darwinism:Applied Darwin's theory of natural selection and "survival of the fittest" to human society -- the poor are poor because they are not as fit to survive. Used as an argument against social reforms to help the poor. Social Darwinists justified the increasing inequality of late-nineteeth-century industrial American society as natural.
• railroad strikes of 1877:A group of railroad workers on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad rose up and began to strike due to wage cuts. This spread up and down the railroad line across the nation. Railroad roadhouse were torched. President Rutherford B. Hayes sent in troops to stop the strike. 100 people died in the strike

Images:
Citations:
Rydell, Robert W. "Conclusion." In All the World's a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876-1916, 234-237. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.

Lorenzo. "Thinking Out Aloud." : The Misbegotten Birth of Macro. September 1, 2012. Accessed March 13, 2015. http://lorenzo-thinkingoutaloud.blogspot.com/2012/09/the-misbegotten-birth-of-macro.html.

Questions:
How does American world's fair different from the international exposition in the other countries?

How much did the American economy got benefited from the international exposition?